Safety Abbreviations Contd

RNOAD	Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Disease
RPA	Radiation Protection Adviser
RPE	Respiratory Protective Equipment
Rz	Roughness
SDS	Safety Data Sheets
SLC	Sound Level Conversation
SNR	Single Number Rating
SO2	Sulphur Dioxide
SRV	Slip Resistance Rating
STEL	Short‐term Exposure Limit
SWL	Safe WorkingLoad
TTS	Temporary Threshold Shift
TWA	Time Weighted Average
TLVs	Threshold Limit Values
UNRTDG	UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
UV	Ultraviolet
VWF	Vibration White Finger
WAH	Work at Height Regulations 2005
WBV	Whole Body Vibration
WEL	Workplace Exposure Limit
WHO	World Health Organisation
WRULDs	Work‐related UpperLimb Disorders

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BS 8800(18001) Approach - H & S Risk Assessment

Classify work activities: prepare a list of work activities covering premises, plant, people and procedures.

Identify Hazards: Identify all significant hazards relating to each work activity. Considering who might be harmed and how

Determine risk: make a subjective estimate of the risk associated with each hazard assuming that planned or existing health and safety precautions are in place. Assessors should also consider the effectiveness of the controls and the consequences of their failure.

Decide is risk is tolerable: judge whether planned or existing OH&S precautions (if any) are sufficient to keep the hazard under control and meet legal requirements.

Prepare a risk control plan (if necessary): prepare a plan to deal with any of the issues found by the assessment to require attention. Organisations should ensure that new and existing controls remain in place and are effective.

Review adequacy of action plan: re-assess risks on the basis of the revised controls and check that risks will be tolerable.

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Health Risks from Blood Borne Viruses

Blood Borne Viruses are Hepatitis (causative agent for jaundice nd liver damage) and HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Causative agent for AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Contaminated body fluids can cause infection by contact with damaged skin, needle-stick injury and even splashing to the eyes and mouth.

Circumstances that a worker may be exposed to Blood Borne Viruses

Health care workers are more vulnerable to infection while handling body fluids of infected patients and when disposing infected needles. Waste disposal workers are other category of people who may contract infection while incorrect handling of clinical waste. 

Workers who are engaged in the transportation of body fluids are also vulnerable, who may inadvertently contract infection. Other circumstances that would lead to exposure to BBVs may be through injuries to infected person when occur at workplace such as cuts, bruise crush etc., and workers engaged in acts of tattooing and body piercing.

Control Measures to overcome the Health Risks from Blood Borne Viruses

The control measures to overcome the health risks from blood borne viruses would be correct Disposal of potentially contaminated material such as clinical waste; 

Prevention of needle-stick injuries by correct disposal of sharps in a sharps bin; 

Use of PPE such as gloves and eye protection when handling potentially contaminated material; Drawing up and enforcement of decontamination and disinfection procedure; 

Vaccination where appropriate (for hepatitis) for vulnerable persons;

Covering up the wounds; 

Procedures to deal with accidental exposure.

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Biological Hazard - Biological Agents

Biological agents are micro – organisms such as:

Fungi

Moulds, yeast and mushrooms mostly harmless to human but some can cause disease such as athlete’s foot and farmer’s lung, both fungal infections.

Bacteria

Single celled organisms that are found in vast numbers in and on the human body. Some are beneficial while others can cause disease such as legionnaires, leptospirosis etc.,

Viruses

Very small infections organisms that reproduction on living cells of human body. Example – Hepatitis

Possible routes of Entry for a Biological Agent

The possible routes of entry for a biological agent into the body would be 

inhalation – airborne micro-organisms, 

absorption through the skin, injection for example through cut and grazes, exchange of body fluids, and 

ingestion – contaminated food.

Control Measures to Reduce Risk of Exposure to Biological Agent

• In order to reduce the risk of infection from biological organisms we can adopt a number of control Measures such as cleaning and disinfecting
• The use of personal protective equipment like respiratory protection, aprons and gloves
• Engineering controls such as containment for example in glove boxes, can also be provided with local exhaust ventilation and the use of microbiological safety cabinets
• The introduction of procedures for the disposal of waste
• The prohibition of eating or drinking in the work area
• Vermin control
• Procedures for site monitoring and health surveillance
• Immunization and a good standard of personal hygiene.

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Non-Mechanical Hazards Associated with Machinery

Electricity – used as the energy source as most of the machineries are motor-driven, for example, pedestal drilling machine, photocopier etc.,

Fire and Explosion – flammable substances may be used either as working substances in a closed system, or as fuel or lubricant, for example, ue of flammable refrigerants (propane, butane) in refrigeration system, diesel in engine driven pumps.

Noise – Excessive sound generated by the moving parts of the machinery or the equipment may be operating on compressed air and/or release energy with sound. For example – generators, turbines, cement mixers, etc.,

Vibration - perhaps the machinery is not securely installed on suitable anti-vibration mounts or it may be a hand vibrating tool, for example pneumatically operated concrete breakers.

Hazardous chemicals – substance hazardous to health may be released in the machinery operation as emissions or may be used in the machinery as raw material. for example – cement in cement mixers, carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of IC engine

 Manual handling – machinery operations may involve loading raw material unloading finished product etc., with extreme manual effort. For example – loading of cement, sand and aggregate and unloading of concrete mortar from cement mixer

Biological hazard – machineries may have water systems which may get infected by biological agents, for example cooling tower in refrigeration system

Ergonomic hazard - operation and maintenance of certain machineries may sometimes put workers in awkward posture, for example overreaching for controls, continuous kneeling for certain maintenance work in automobiles

Fall hazard - machinery operation may require to work at height, leading to fall from working platforms or falls on the same level perhaps due to contaminated floor by spillages/ leaks from machinery.

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Display Screen Equipment (DSE)

Display Screen Equipment  is a range of electrical display equipment that is most often part of a computer system.

Health effects of DSE

• Musculoskeletal disorders (hand, arm, shoulder & neck)
• Eye and eyesight problems ( temporary visual fatigue )
• Fatigue and stress (high speed , less breaks, lack of social interaction)

Other Minor or alleged health effects

• Epilepsy (a common chronic neurological disorder)
• Facial dermatitis (itching , reddening)
• Radiation on pregnant women –(stress)

Assessment of A Display Screen Equipment (DSE):

Equipment	Screen	Positioning, Character Definition, character stability
	Keyboard	Tiltable, character legibility
	Desk	Size, Matt surface
	Chair	Adjustable back and height, footrest available
Environment	Noise	Levels of noise not distractive
	Humidity	Low Humidity, less 40% Relative Humidity (RH), may cause sore eyes, facial acne
	Lighting	Levels appropriate, contrast between surroundings balanced
	Space	Adequate for work conducted
Person / Software Interface	Software	Easy to use
	Work rate	Not governed by software
	Monitoring	Operator/ User informed