Forms of Chemical Agent:

When we consider chemicals in the workplace we are not solely concerned with substance and preparations which are used directly in work such as paints or cleaning materials. We are also concerned with chemicals which arise from the work, such as the dusts or fumes given off during a process, for example when grinding or heating solid metals.

A chemical may be in the form of a substance or a preparation :

• A substance is a chemical element or a compound, including any impurities.
• A preparation is a mixture of substances, usually with a deliberately proportioned composition.

Liquids:

Many chemicals are supplied and used in the workplace in liquid form. They can vary from relatively harmless cleaning fluids through to highly toxic and corrosive acids and alkalis.

Gases:

A gas is a formless chemical which occupies the area in which it is enclosed. Its volume and state can be changed by the combined effect of increased pressure and decreased temperature. There are many toxic gases used in industry, such as chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, etc.

Vapours:

Vapour is the gaseous form of a liquid below its boiling point. There is an equilibrium or balance between the two phases or states. Heating a liquid causes evaporation. Solids also exist in equilibrium with vapour, hence we can smell them, but in most cases the amount of vapour is negligible.

Mists:

Mists consist of finely suspended droplets formed by condensation from a gas or the atomising of a liquid or from aerosols. Mists are created by many industrial processes, such as chromium plating or charging lead acid batteries and car paint spraying.

Fumes:

Fumes are fine particulate solids, which are created by condensation from a vapour, often after a metal has been converted to the molten state. The metallicfumes are usually the oxide of the metal and produce highly toxic fumes.

Dusts:

Dusts consist of solid particles of varying size and are created by such operations as grinding or sieving of solid materials, controlled detonations and various drying processes. In still atmospheres, dusts tend to settle under gravity and accumulate on surfaces. Where there is turbulence or air movement at least some element of the dust will remain airborne.

Aerosol:

Fine suspension of solid particles or droplets in a carrier gas.

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Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) is the standard control measure for dealing with dusts, vapours and fumes which are generated from a point source. The harmful contaminant is extracted at the point of generation using engineered systems to ensure that the direction of the ventilation flow is away the breathing zone of any operators.

LEV is a mechanical system of ventilation designed to remove a specific contaminant from its source, e.g. Welding fume. It consists of the following: a receptor or capture hood; ducting to remove the contaminant; an a irc leaning device, e.g. Filter to remove the contaminant from the air; a fan to ensure an adequate ventilation rate for the contaminant. This will be dependent on the size of the particles and the size of the LEV system; and a discharge point.

Examples of LEVs include:

• Glove boxes
• Fume Cupboards
• Captor Hoods
• Receptor Hoods

Factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System (LEV)

The factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) are failure to position the hood close enough to the source of emission; damaged ducting; blocked, damaged, unsuitable or incorrectly installed filters; fan inefficiency perhaps due to wear or corrosion of the impeller blades; inappropriate initial design that was made further worse due to process changes; unauthorized alternations such as increasing the number of inlets; a build up of contaminant in the dusting and a blocked/ obstructed outlet; incorrect settings such as angle of dampers; scrubber saturation, and a failure to introduce procedures for the regular maintenance, inspection and testing of the system.

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Hazards with bench-top grinder

Hazards associated with bench-top grinder are

• Abrasion on contact with rotating abrasive wheel
• Drawing in at nip-point between wheel and tool rest;
• Ejection of parts of the wheel during normal use
• Bursting of wheel if heavy load applied;
• Entanglement with the spindle mounting cloth, hair or jewellery etc.,
• Electrical hazards – eg. Shock due to direct or indirect contact
• Hot surfaces / parts caused by friction,
• Health hazards during grinding operations from – Dust, noise, vibration
• Ergonomic hazards during work

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Non-Mechanical Hazards Associated with Machinery

Electricity – used as the energy source as most of the machineries are motor-driven, for example, pedestal drilling machine, photocopier etc.,

Fire and Explosion – flammable substances may be used either as working substances in a closed system, or as fuel or lubricant, for example, ue of flammable refrigerants (propane, butane) in refrigeration system, diesel in engine driven pumps.

Noise – Excessive sound generated by the moving parts of the machinery or the equipment may be operating on compressed air and/or release energy with sound. For example – generators, turbines, cement mixers, etc.,

Vibration - perhaps the machinery is not securely installed on suitable anti-vibration mounts or it may be a hand vibrating tool, for example pneumatically operated concrete breakers.

Hazardous chemicals – substance hazardous to health may be released in the machinery operation as emissions or may be used in the machinery as raw material. for example – cement in cement mixers, carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of IC engine

 Manual handling – machinery operations may involve loading raw material unloading finished product etc., with extreme manual effort. For example – loading of cement, sand and aggregate and unloading of concrete mortar from cement mixer

Biological hazard – machineries may have water systems which may get infected by biological agents, for example cooling tower in refrigeration system

Ergonomic hazard - operation and maintenance of certain machineries may sometimes put workers in awkward posture, for example overreaching for controls, continuous kneeling for certain maintenance work in automobiles

Fall hazard - machinery operation may require to work at height, leading to fall from working platforms or falls on the same level perhaps due to contaminated floor by spillages/ leaks from machinery.

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