Fire and Safety Engineering Course - POSHE

Fire and Safety Engineering Course as a career option is fast catching up with the students in India. Whereas in abroad, Safety is an integral part of most of university programs.

Fire Engineering and Safety Management is getting its underlying foundations quickly as a profession option in India. It is just in nowadays that a large portion of the general population of our nation are getting to know it, though in abroad fire engineering.

Job Prospects

• Fire Officer/Fire Protection Technician/Safety Supervisor,
• HSE Engineer/ HSE Advisor,
• Safety Officer / Safety Manager,
• HSE / EHS Officer/ Manager
• Fire Men / Officer Safety Steward
• Safety Assistant / Environmental Engineer

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Electricity - Fire Safety

Safe Systems of Work

Where work is to be undertaken on electrical apparatus or part of a circuit, a formally operated, safe system of work is essential. This commonly takes the form of a Permit to Work system, which ensures the following procedures and precautions:

• Switching off and locking out the electricity supply, i.e. isolation;
• Checking by the use of an appropriate voltage detection instrument that the circuit, that part of same to be worked on, is dead before work commences;
• High levels of supervision and control to ensure that work is undertaken correctly and that Permit to Work procedures are followed;
• Paying particular attention to the precautions where electrical installation or maintenance work is to be undertaken in wet surroundings, in external areas and in confined spaces;
• Examining appliances by a competent person on a regular basis, including the leads, and any extension leads used that may have become damaged;
• Implementing physical precautions, such as the erection of barriers and signs restricting access to the area; and
• Formal cancellation of the Permit to Work once the work is completed satisfactorily and return to service of the appliance, plant or system in question.

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Fire Proximity Suit - POSHE

A fire proximity suit (also, silvers or silver bunker suit) is a suit designed to protect a firefighter from high temperatures, especially near fires of extreme temperature such as aircraft fires.

There are three basic types of these aluminized suits:

• Approach suit—used for work in the general area of high temperatures such as steel mills and smelting facilities. (Ambient heat protection up to ~200 °F (93 °C).)
• Proximity suit—used for aircraft rescue and fire fighting (AR-FF) and, in more heavily insulated versions, for kiln work requiring entry into the heated kiln. (Kiln suit ambient protection ~2,000 °F (1,093 °C) and proximity ambient protection~ 500 °F (260 °C))
• Entry suit—used for entry into extreme heat and situations requiring protection from total flame engulfment. Most commonly made of Zetex or Vermiculite and not aluminized. (Entry suit ambient protection ~2,000 °F (1,093 °C)) for short duration and prolonged radiant heat up to 1,500 °F (816 °C).

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International Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety

Gain recognition for health and safety expertise worldwide with BSC IDipOSH. This diploma is suitable for delegates who wish to set their long term career in Health and Safety. The course covers risk management, health and safety culture and Occupational health.


Course Modules

Unit 1: Principles of health and safety Management.
Unit 2: Safeguarding People's Health in the Workplace.
Unit 3: Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture in the Workplace.

Assessment

The International Diploma in Occupational Safety & Health exam is assessed in Three units:

Unit 1: Principles Health and Safety Management - 3 Hrs written exam
Unit 2: Safeguarding People's Health in the Workplace - 2.5 Hrs written exam and 5000 words assignment
Unit 3: Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture in the Workplace - 10,000 words Assignment only

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Tips For Fire Safety

Space Heaters Need Space
Keep portable and space heaters at least 3 feet from anything that may burn. Never leave heaters on when you leave home or go to sleep. Children and pets should always be kept away from them.

Smokers Need To Be Extra Careful
Never smoke in bed or when you are sleepy. Carelessly discarded cigarettes are a leading cause of fire deaths in the United States.

Be Careful Cooking
Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles and wear short or tight-fitting sleeves when you cook. Keep the handles of your pots turned inward so they do not over-hang the stove. If grease catches fire, carefully slide a lid over the pan and smother the flames, then turn off the burner.

Matches and Lighters are Dangerous
In the hands of a child, matches and lighters can be deadly! Store them where kids can't reach them, preferably in a locked area. Teach children that matches and lighters are "tools" and should only be used by adults.

Use Electricity Safely
If an appliance smokes or has an unusual smell, unplug it immediately and have it repaired. Replace frayed or cracked electrical cords and don't overload extension cords. They should not be run under rugs. Never tamper with the fuse box or use the improper size fuse.

Cool a Burn
If someone gets burned, immediately place the wound under cool water for 10 to 15 minutes. If the burn blisters or chars, see a doctor immediately!

Be Careful of Halogen Lights
If you have halogen lights, make sure they are away from flammable drapes and low ceiling areas. Never leave them on when you leave your home or office.
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Flammable and Combustible Materials

Flammable and Combustible Materials

Ignitable liquids generate vapors that burn. Vapors may travel significant distances before reaching a heat source or build up in an enclosed space and cause an explosion. Minimizing the amount of fuel in your areas and properly storing materials you have, are two important ways of preventing fires.

Ignitable liquids are designated as flammable or combustible, depending on flash point and boiling point. Flammable and combustible materials are further designated as Class I or Class II. This is important, as different storage rules apply to each class.

All flammable and combustible liquids must be stored in approved, sealed containers. Approvedcontainers include the original (factory) container or designated safety can.

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Classes of Fire - Fire Safety

Types & Applications

Class A
Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, 

paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.

Class B
Class B fires are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil and paint. Class B fires also include flammable gases such as propane and butane. Class B fires do not include fires involving cooking oils and grease.

Class C
Class C fires are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes of fire.

Class D
Class D fires are fires in combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, and magnesium.

Class K

Class K fires are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animals fats and vegetable fats.

Some types of fire extinguishing agents can be used on more than one class of fire. Others have warnings where it would be dangerous for the operator to use a particular fire extinguishing agent.

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Elements of Combustion - Fire Safety

Elements of Combustion

• Oxygen
• Fuel
• Heat
• Chemical reaction

Basic fire prevention involves separating the elements that contribute to combustion. Fuel, heat, and an oxidizer (typically oxygen in air) combine to create a sustained combustion chemical reaction. Together, these four elements are represented by the fire tetrahedron. Below are some examples of each.

Remember to keep storage of fuel and oxidizers to a minimum and away from the other elements. Always monitor operations to avoid excessive heat.

Flash Point – The lowest temperature at which a material can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.

Boiling Point –The temperature at which a given material changes from liquid to gas.

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Accidents in Terms of injury

There are several categories of accidents in terms of injury and these include: 

• Slips/trips/falls
• Falls from height 
• Falling objects 
• Collision with objects 
• Trapping/crushing under or between objects
• Manual handling 
• Contact with machinery/hand tools 
• Electricity 
• Transport 
• Contact with chemicals 
• Asphyxiation/drowning
• Fire and explosion 
• Animals
• Violence - either verbal or physical 

Health hazards

Risk assessment is not only concerned with injuries in the workplace but also possible occupational health problems. Health hazards fall into four categories;

• Chemical - paints, solvents, fumes. 
• Biological- bacteria e.g. leptospirosis, viruses. 
• Physical - noise, vibration, radiation. 
• Psychological- occupational stress. 

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Likelihood of Harm

When seeking to establish likelihood of harm the adequacy of control measures already implemented and complied with needs to be considered. Here national legal requirements and codes of practice are good guides covering controls of specific hazards. The following issues should then typically be considered in addition to the work activity information:

• Number of personnel exposed; 
• Frequency and duration of exposure to the hazard; 
• Failure of services e.g. electricity and water; 
• Failure of plant and machinery components and safety devices; 
• Exposure to the elements; 
• Protection afforded by personal protective equipment and usage rate of personal protective equipment; 

unsafe acts (unintended errors or intentional violations of procedures) by persons, for example, who:

1) may not know what the hazards are;
2) may not have the knowledge, physical capacity, or skills to do the work;
3) underestimate risks to which they are exposed;
4) under estimate the practicality and utility of safe working methods.

It is important to take into account the consequences of unplanned events.

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Sources and forms of Harm

Sources and forms of harm

The sources and forms of harm are broadly - people, equipment, materials and environment;

People - commit unsafe acts, are infectious or violent

Equipment - Plant, machinery and tools have 4 broad categories of hazard associated with them - mechanical, chemical, electrical and physical.

Materials - can cause harm because they might hazardous to health, combustible, heavy, and cause slips and trips.

Environment - the environment can cause harm due to poor lighting, extremes of temperature, enclosed work space or work at height.

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Specific Duties of the Employer to his Employees

Specific duties of the employer to his employees
a. The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health;

b. The making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances;

c. The provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of his employees;

d. So far as is practicable, as regards and place of work under the control of the employer or self-employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks;

The provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work.

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TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are also known as chemical fire extinguishers or First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances.

These extinguishers are highly useful to prevent a small fire from becoming a big one, provided these are used when the fire is just in its starting stage, say within first five minutes. These are light weight, small in size which can be easily carried by hand.

Larger models of certain types are also available which are known as "engines". These are mounted on trolleys, which can be moved manually or toed to motor vehicles.

• Water Type Extinguishers
• Foam Extinguishers
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
• Halon Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide Extinguishers

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Principles of an Alarm System

Sounding an alarm in the event of fire and fighting the fire arrangement must be made at all the workplaces.

There are many systems for raising an alarm on detecting an outbreak of fire, ranging from simple hand bells (or even just shouting) to sophisticated electronically-­triggered systems. However, whatever system is employed, all staff must know how to raise an alarm on discovering fire and what to do when the fire alarm sounds.

The general principles of an alarm system are shown below.

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