TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are also known as chemical fire extinguishers or First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances.

These extinguishers are highly useful to prevent a small fire from becoming a big one, provided these are used when the fire is just in its starting stage, say within first five minutes. These are light weight, small in size which can be easily carried by hand.

Larger models of certain types are also available which are known as "engines". These are mounted on trolleys, which can be moved manually or toed to motor vehicles.

• Water Type Extinguishers
• Foam Extinguishers
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
• Halon Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide Extinguishers

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FIRE TETRAHEDRON

There are basic 3 element need to produce fire.

• HEAT
• FUEL
• OXYGEN

if one of component is not presents the fire will not created.

Beside 3 elements there is forth element which is essential for continuation of fire once ignited.this is known as "CHAIN REACTION".

Once fire occurs the burned substunce produce lots of heat which tends to burn remaining fuel substance.this reaction occurs again and again.which is called "chain reaction"

Fire is OXIDATION process which produce heat its is also called EXOTHERMIC reaction..

OXIDATION = EXOTHERMIC R. = PRODUCE HEAT.
REDUCTION = ENDOTHERMIC R. = ABSORB HEAT.

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TYPES OF HOSES - Fire Safety

Hoses are flexible pipe used to convey water from the source to the scene of fire.

TYPES OF HOSE : 

1. DELIVERY HOSE 
2. SUCTION HOSE 
3. HOSE REEL HOSE

1) Delivery Hose

This is connected to the discharge side of the pump. This is subjected to a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure. These are available in the Fallowing type:

(i) Percolating / Unlined / Canvas hose which are made of vegetable fibers.
(ii) Non percolating hose made up of plastic material forming both lining as well as the outer cover. These are no porous in nature.
(iii) Controlled percolating hose consisting of a jacket woven from vegetable fibers and having rubber / plastic lining.

2) Suction Hose

These are connected to the suction side of the pump. These are subjected to either above or below the atmospheric pressure. These are of following
types:
(i) Partially embedded
(ii) Smooth Bore fully embedded.

3) Hose Reel

These are made of reinforced rubber fitted with a swiveling joint bound over a reel. A squeeze nozzle is provided at one end.

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Scaffolding

Scaffolding may be erected using traditional tubes and working platform.

The following terms are used to identify the component parts of a traditional tube and fitting scaffold:

• Standard: upright member.
• Ledger: horizontal member normally in the direction of the larger dimension of the working scaffold.
• Transom: horizontal member normally in the direction of the smaller dimensions of the working scaffold
• Putlog: horizontal member, flattened on one end, spanning from a ledger to sit in the pointing of brickwork.
• Raker: an inclined load-­bearing member used to support a cantilevered working platform.
• Façade bracing: bracing parallel to the façade of the building
• Ledger Bracing: Bracing perpendicular to the face of the building.
• Eyebolt: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Through Tie: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Reveal Tie: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Base plate: plate used for spreading the load in a standard over a greater area; a base jack is a base plate with a means of vertical adjustment.
• Sole Board: a timber plank positioned beneath two or more base plates to distribute the scaffold load more evenly over the ground.
• Coupler: device used to connect two tubes.
• Platform: one or more platform units in one level within a bay.
• Bay: the distance between pairs of standards.
• Lift: a storey.

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Control of Substance with Specific Effects:

CARCINOGENS:

Carcinogens are substances that have been identified as having the ability to cause cancer. Examples of these include arsenic, hardwood dusts and used engine oils.

GENETIC DAMAGE:

Substances known as mutagens have been identified that cause changes to DNA, increasing the number of genetic mutations above natural background levels. These changes can lead to cancer in the individual affected or be passed to their offspring's genetic material, for example thalidomide and plutonium oxide.

Due to the serious and irreversible nature of cancer and genetic changes, an employer's first objective must be to prevent exposure to carcinogens and mutagens. These substances should not be used or processes carried out with them, if a safer alternative less hazardous substance can be used instead. Where this is not feasible suitable control measures should include:

• Totally enclosed systems.
• Where total enclosure is not possible, exposure to these‐substances must kept to as low level as possible through the use of appropriate plant and process control measures such as handling systems and local exhaust ventilation (these measures should not produce other risks in the workplace).
• Storage of carcinogens/mutagens must be kept to the minimum needed for the process, in closed, labelled containers with warning and hazard signs, including waste products until safe disposal.
• Areas where carcinogens/mutagens are present must be identified and segregated to prevent spread to other areas.

OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA:

Occupational asthma is caused by substances in the workplace that trigger a state of specific airway hyper responsiveness in an individual, resulting in breathlessness, chest tightness or wheezing. These substances are known as asthmagens and respiratory sensitizers. 

Exposure to these substances should be prevented, and where that is not possible, kept as low as reasonably practicable.

Control measures used should take account of long term time weighted averages and short term peak exposures to the substance. If an indiv dual develops occupational asthma, their exposure must be controlled to prevent any further attacks. Workers who work with asthmagens must have regular health surveillance to detect any changes in respiratory function.

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Principles of an Alarm System

Sounding an alarm in the event of fire and fighting the fire arrangement must be made at all the workplaces.

There are many systems for raising an alarm on detecting an outbreak of fire, ranging from simple hand bells (or even just shouting) to sophisticated electronically-­triggered systems. However, whatever system is employed, all staff must know how to raise an alarm on discovering fire and what to do when the fire alarm sounds.

The general principles of an alarm system are shown below.

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Elimination or Substitution of Hazardous Substances:

ELIMINATION:

The first priority for control of any significant risk to health is to try to eliminate completely the agent responsible in the first place. For each of the agents we have examined, the option usually exists to eliminate the hazard at source by replacement with materials which do the same job but present no risk to health. Improvements in technology often present the opportunity to replace older hazardous processes or activities with those involving no risk to health; for example, the use of new water-­based materials such as paints or adhesives can eliminate completely the risk to health of exposure to solvents.

Elimination requires a careful examination of the work activity and process, and demands a good understanding of the properties and behaviour of alternative substances and materials. It may also be the most costly method of risk control, since it may involve a radical change in the way in which the work is carried out. However, the elimination of hazards is the key objective of  the health and safety programme and the opportunities available should be re-­ examined every time an assessment is reviewed.

SUBSTITUTION:

Although elimination of risk is the ideal it is often not practicable. The next option then becomes reducing the risk by substituting the hazard with a different one with less potential for harm; for example:

• Using the same material but in a different physical form, such as using granulated pottery glazes rather than powders to reduce the risk of dust inhalation.
• Using a similar, but different substance altogether, such as one with a lower volatility and/or higher WEL.

Since the risk is not completely eliminated but only reduced, it is essential to ensure that the potentially harmful properties of any proposed replacement are fully taken into account to ensure substitution does not introduce different but equally unacceptable risks.

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Effectiveness and Reliability of Control Options:

There is a general hierarchy of controls available:

Elimination of the substance: This is the most effective though least realistic option. If elimination can be achieved it means that no exposure can take place and there is no residual risk to manage.

Reduction of exposure: By substituting a less harmful substance or reducing the number of people exposed and/or the frequency and duration of exposure. This method protects all workers but there will be residual risk to deal with.

Isolation of the substance: Secure storage facilities with limited access.

Controls: Engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation. These have to be carefully monitored to ensure, for example, that the captor hood is correctly positioned.

Personal protective equipment: Or other devices worn by individuals such as exposure monitors. The main disadvantage of this method is that it only protects the user. Furthermore, it will only protect the user if the equipment/device is worn correctly, if at all.

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Measuring Exposure in Units

The two main units used for measuring airborne concentrations are:

• Parts per million (ppm)
• Milligrams per cubic metre of air (mg/m power of 3, or mg m power of ‐3)

The gaseous state (vapours and gases) is measured in ppm and refers to the number of parts of vapour or gas of a substance in a million parts of air by volume, measured at a standard temperature and pressure (usually 25°C and 760 mm Hg, respectively). Particulate matter in dusts, fumes, etc. is measured in mg/m3, which refers to the milligrams of the substance per cubic metre of air.

One further unit of measurement is used in relation to fibres (such as asbestos). Concentrations of fibres are expressed in:

• Fibres Per Millilitre of air (fibres ml ­power of ‐1)

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