Irritant:
(Xi) non-‐corrosive substances, which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, may cause inflammation, e.g. petrol, detergent, nuisance dusts.
Corrosive:
(C) substances, which, on contact with living tissue, may destroy it by burning, e.g. hydrochloric acid or strong alkalis such as ammonia.
Harmful:
(Xn) substances, which, if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin, may cause damage to health. E.g.: Category 3 carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.
Very Toxic:
(T+) poisonous substances, which, in very low quantities, may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health.
Toxic:
(T) a poisonous substance, which, in low quantities, may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin. Some substances (such as potassium cyanide) can cause death in extremely small quantities. Insecticides are toxic to insects but the quantity used is restricted so they are not harmful to humans, though it might be necessary for persons applying it extensively to wear protective equipment to reduce their exposure.
Sensitising:
These are substances and preparations that may cause an allergic reaction.
Carcinogenic (Carc Categories 1 and 2):
substances, which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer or increase its incidence.
Mutagenic (Muta Categories 1 and 2):
substances, which induce heritable genetic defects or increase their incidence.
Toxic for reproduction (Teratogenic):
(Repr Categories 1 and 2) substances, which produce or increase the incidence of non-heritable effects in progeny and/or impairment in reproductive functions or capacity.
The last three items are commonly grouped together and known collectively as “CMR” effects. Note that in classifying a particular chemical the hazards it presents may lie within any or all of the general classifications and more than one class of danger may be identified. Thus nitric acid in high concentration is classified as both oxidising and corrosive.
(Xi) non-‐corrosive substances, which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, may cause inflammation, e.g. petrol, detergent, nuisance dusts.
Corrosive:
(C) substances, which, on contact with living tissue, may destroy it by burning, e.g. hydrochloric acid or strong alkalis such as ammonia.
- Acids: Sulphuric acid; hydrochloric acid; nitric acid; phosphoric acids.
- Alkalis: Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda); potassium hydroxide (caustic potash).
- Gases and vapours: Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas that in moist air appears as a white mist which is poisonous and corrosive. Many corrosive liquids expel damaging corrosive vapours which are irritating or cause burns to the eyes or respiratory tract.
Harmful:
(Xn) substances, which, if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin, may cause damage to health. E.g.: Category 3 carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.
Very Toxic:
(T+) poisonous substances, which, in very low quantities, may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health.
Toxic:
(T) a poisonous substance, which, in low quantities, may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin. Some substances (such as potassium cyanide) can cause death in extremely small quantities. Insecticides are toxic to insects but the quantity used is restricted so they are not harmful to humans, though it might be necessary for persons applying it extensively to wear protective equipment to reduce their exposure.
Sensitising:
These are substances and preparations that may cause an allergic reaction.
Carcinogenic (Carc Categories 1 and 2):
substances, which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer or increase its incidence.
Mutagenic (Muta Categories 1 and 2):
substances, which induce heritable genetic defects or increase their incidence.
Toxic for reproduction (Teratogenic):
(Repr Categories 1 and 2) substances, which produce or increase the incidence of non-heritable effects in progeny and/or impairment in reproductive functions or capacity.
The last three items are commonly grouped together and known collectively as “CMR” effects. Note that in classifying a particular chemical the hazards it presents may lie within any or all of the general classifications and more than one class of danger may be identified. Thus nitric acid in high concentration is classified as both oxidising and corrosive.
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