When we consider chemicals in the workplace we are not solely concerned with substance and preparations which are used directly in work such as paints or cleaning materials. We are also concerned with chemicals which arise from the work, such as the dusts or fumes given off during a process, for example when grinding or heating solid metals.
A chemical may be in the form of a substance or a preparation :
- A substance is a chemical element or a compound, including any impurities.
- A preparation is a mixture of substances, usually with a deliberately proportioned composition.
Liquids:
Many chemicals are supplied and used in the workplace in liquid form. They can vary from relatively harmless cleaning fluids through to highly toxic and corrosive acids and alkalis.
Gases:
A gas is a formless chemical which occupies the area in which it is enclosed. Its volume and state can be changed by the combined effect of increased pressure and decreased temperature. There are many toxic gases used in industry, such as chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, etc.
Vapours:
Vapour is the gaseous form of a liquid below its boiling point. There is an equilibrium or balance between the two phases or states. Heating a liquid causes evaporation. Solids also exist in equilibrium with vapour, hence we can smell them, but in most cases the amount of vapour is negligible.
Mists:
Mists consist of finely suspended droplets formed by condensation from a gas or the atomising of a liquid or from aerosols. Mists are created by many industrial processes, such as chromium plating or charging lead acid batteries and car paint spraying.
Fumes:
Fumes are fine particulate solids, which are created by condensation from a vapour, often after a metal has been converted to the molten state. The metallicfumes are usually the oxide of the metal and produce highly toxic fumes.
Dusts:
Dusts consist of solid particles of varying size and are created by such operations as grinding or sieving of solid materials, controlled detonations and various drying processes. In still atmospheres, dusts tend to settle under gravity and accumulate on surfaces. Where there is turbulence or air movement at least some element of the dust will remain airborne.
Aerosol:
Fine suspension of solid particles or droplets in a carrier gas.
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